As children grow, they explore a diverse landscape of environments and interactions, each holding unique challenges and opportunities. Why do some children thrive with positive development, while others face difficulties? This study aims to investigate this fundamental question through interdisciplinary studies of child development. By employing multi-method approaches that integrate cognitive, behavioral, and neural evidence, we aim to provide insights into the mechanisms that shape risk and resilience in child development. Ultimately, we strive to deepen our understanding of children’s resilience, identify optimal conditions for healthy development, and foster shared wisdom that benefits both parents and children.